The End Of World War II - 974 Words

The end of World War II caused major concerns for the world’s major powers as the debates for how to prevent the rise of Germany for a third time began. It quickly became evident that the divide between the communist leaders of Russia and the leaders of the free world (the United States, France, and England) would cause a difficult situation. As negotiations progressed and the Powers divided control of Germanys concurred regions the struggle took shape. The capital of Germany lied in the middle of the territory that would be held by the communists causing a fear of communist control over the Germany when it could be reunited without fear of another attempt at world power. The only solution that could be found was to divide the capital city between western support in the western half and communist control in the East. The division of the nation causes problems for all parties involved but the people who lived in post war Germany caught the brunt of the blow. In his memoir The F ile: A Personal History Timothy ash gives details of his personal experience in the communist block and compares his memories with the file that the secret police of the communist party, The Stasi, created. Using this text as a baseline, this paper argues that the division of Germany During the cold war affected the balance of world powers in a post war world. After two world wars, the treat of Germany rising to power once more seemed a legitimate threat to world leaders. It is no surprise that asShow MoreRelatedThe End Of World War II984 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The dominance of world by the United States started by the end of World War II. The dominance marked the beginning of the cold war which dominated the world affairs up to the early 1990s.The United States and its partners faced the Soviet Union and its allies. The war was marked by a lack of global wars but a persistent regional proxy war. From this time, the U.S administration has pursued a single grand strategy, deep engagement. However, with the endless debate on the promotion ofRead MoreThe End Of World War II924 Words   |  4 PagesThe end of World War II saw two opposing superpowers emerging in the form of the United States of America and the Soviet Union. After dealing with Nazi Germany, these two superpowers sought to spread their individual influence throughout the world and thus the Cold War began. The Cold War wasn t a direct War but a series of proxy wars and decades of intimidation, propaganda and espionage. Germany was occupied after the war and the Soviet Union cont rolled the area surrounding Berlin but not the cityRead MoreWorld War II : The End Of The War975 Words   |  4 Pages World War II was a war that had started for the first. With two sides the Allied Powers versus the Axis Powers. The end of the war went out with a bang. World War II was a gigantic fascinating process of events; the war itself started on September 1, 1939 to September 2, 1945. There are many fascinating things about World War II, but the beginning is always interesting. Coming just two decades after the last great global conflict World War I. The Second World War was the most widespread and deadliestRead MoreThe End Of World War II1348 Words   |  6 PagesThe end of World War II was not just the end of a war, but also the beginning of a tense and dynamic period that affected society on all levels. This â€Å"postwar† period, as it became known, shaped the world, as we know it today; likewise, the period was shaped itself both by the war that had preceded it, and the powerful forces that surrounded it. As the energy of fundamentally different ideologies, Communism and Democracy collided with advances in science such as the nuclear bomb, a dangerous environmentRead MoreThe End Of World War II1684 Words   |  7 Pages At the end of World War II was a time of great relief for Americans. With the economic boom that followed on its heels, it was also a time of great optimism. Yet for many scientists especially those who had contributed their talents and expertise to the development of America’s atomic bomb; the end of this war and the lead-up to the Cold War was also a time of great anxiety. The creation of the bomb led them to one conclusion that any future war could bring the end of the world as they knew it.Read MoreThe End Of World War II2149 Words   |  9 Pages1. Introduction The end of World War II implied a new era of Global Business; the era of open borders, globalization and therefore free trade. In the 21st century, a flourishing world economy can no longer be imagined with existing trade barriers and high quotas, advocators argue. The world economic system and our wellbeing, are highly dependent on both economic growth and globalization, which in turn are reliant on â€Å"the absence of artificial barriers to the free flow of goods and services betweenRead MoreJap The End Of World War II1477 Words   |  6 PagesAt the end of World War II, the United States took occupation of Japan in an under the pretext of leading the nation toward a path of democracy. However, it appears that the intent of the United States has changed over time. Instead of helping Japan in the years after WWII, the United States used Japan as a pawn to better its own interests. In 1946, General MacArthur the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP) asked United States citizens to take the responsibility of writing a new constitutionRead MoreThe United Nations And The End Of World War II1408 Words   |  6 PagesJapan force at the end of World War II the world has become a more even vulnerable place. A second world was fought only thirteen after the First World War that was started by the same nation. The newly found League of Nations places sanction on the Weimer Republic but even those sanctions fail and the whole world had to pay the price. With the failure of the League of Nation a new international organization called The United Nations was founded in 1945 to help make the world a safer place for itsRead MoreDid The Atomic Bomb Be End World War II?1115 Words   |  5 PagesNecessary to Drop the Atomic Bomb to End World War II? Inventions have been accomplished due to the vast technology that is in place. Technology has led to the advancement of warfare in most parts of the world. The same technology has resulted in inventions that range from gunpowder to the atom that is splitting the environments across the borders. These inventions have led to some countries being able to leap over other weaker countries when it comes to war. Among all these inventions, the atomicRead MoreThe Political Leaders Following The End Of World War II2122 Words   |  9 Pagesextend did weak political leaders following the end of World War II result in the Communist Party assuming complete political control over Czechoslovakia?† This investigation is significant because it addresses how a political group had the power to overwhelm not only a government, but also an entire country. The shift from a social democracy to communism resulted in many changes within Czechoslovakia, some of which are still present today, despite the end of the communist regime. This investigation

The Success Rate Of An Alcohol Treatment Center - 918 Words

If you re thinking of attending an alcohol treatment center, you re probably concerned about success rates. After all, you don t want to invest your hard earned money into something that may not work. Thankfully, alcohol treatment centers have been shown to be a successful way for most people to quit drinking forever. And there are multiple things you can do to increase your chances of obtaining the sobriety you want and deserve. The Success Rate of A Typical Center Assessing the success rate of an alcohol treatment center is relatively difficult, because there are so many centers throughout the country. However, there are multiple sources that indicate a generalized success rate. For example, Alcoholics Anonymous did a survey of people in its group who have finished rehabilitation treatment and found that 35% of its members were sober for more than five years. That is a success rate of just over a third and that s only for one organization. Alcoholics Anonymous utilizes the 12-Step program, which is a common guideline throughout most alcohol treatment centers. However, treatment centers also utilize a variety of other treatment options that are designed to help you physically, emotionally, and psychologically overcome your addiction. Each step in this process is likely to add at least a 10% increase in your chance of success. For example, if you receive dietary guidance to overcome malnutrition after suffering from alcoholism, you re going to feel stronger andShow MoreRelatedThe Drug Rehab Of Utah1454 Words   |  6 Pagesidea to narrow down the search by inpatient or outpatient treatment programs. Many people find it helpful to speak with someone in the addiction rehabilitation profession; such as an intake counselor, to determine which type of program will be the best fit. Important factors to consider when making this decision are: †¢ Is the addicted person willing or able to move into a treatment facility? If the answer is no, then outpatient treatment will be the only route to pursue. If they are willing to enrollRead MoreHome Away From Home Facilities1053 Words   |  5 Pagesclassroom for many of our recovery programs and classes. Some features of our rehab center: †¢ Genders are divided for privacy and protection. Each gender has access to their own facilities and cottages. †¢ Our cottages are frequently regarded as home-away-from-home. Complete with kitchens, bedrooms and even living areas. †¢ Occasionally an individual requires a specialized detox center. We have a private detox medical center where the individual can be monitored and carefully treated for any withdrawalRead MoreDrug Addiction Treatment Centers Essay999 Words   |  4 Pagesare looking for drug addiction treatment centers, it becomes very important that you have to know thoroughly all aspects of rehabilitation centers before you choose the one for you or for your loved one. You have to review these rehabilitation centers on facilities or services they gives, for example, rehabilitation treatment programs, professionals, and ratings they have. And what they charge for all their services. There are some drug addiction treatment centers, which are giving better servicesRead MoreDrug And Alcohol Abuse Has Been Rife1400 Words   |  6 Pagesdrug and alcohol abuse has been rife. They are a huge problem in our society. Not only has the drug problem increased, but many drug related problems are rising as well. Men, women, and children are becoming addicted to illicit substances because they are too available to them. Billions of dollars are spent to aid the prevention of drug abuse, to treat addicts, and to fight the war on drugs. This is a very combative problem, the more it’s fought, the more it fights back. Drugs and alcohol not onlyRead MoreSubstance Abuse Affects An Estimated 25 Million Americans895 Words   |  4 Pagescompleting a treatment program more than 60% of alcoholics drink within the first 90 days after treatment and on average only 1 or 2 remain abstinent 1 year after treatment (Maurer Smith, 2009). The use of resources such as Alcoholics Anonymous support, along with a supportive social network, and adequate socioeconomic support has a positive correlation with lasting abstinence and decreased numbers of reoccurrence for alcoholics. With these statistics it is evident that the treatment of alcohol and substanceRead MoreSubstance Prevention Programs1128 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction to Addictions and Substance Use Disorders Grand Canyon University Even the most severely addicted individuals can participate in treatment; in the hopes of reducing their drug and alcohol use. Treatment programs with the higher success rates offer a combination of treatments. I will explore substance abuse prevention programs in this paper. I will summarize their goals, funding, and effectiveness. In the state of Arizona, the Division of BehavioralRead MoreAlcohol Abuse And Alcoholism Abuse1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe alcohol abuse definition is similar to alcoholism in that in both cases alcohol is causing harm to the drinker s life and those around them. The difference is that those who abuse alcohol, but are not yet alcoholics, typically can put some limitations on their drinking and they have not yet become physically addicted to alcohol. The key to the alcohol abuse definition is not in the amount of alcohol consumed but on how it affects an individual. Alcohol abuse is a psychiatric diagnosis in whichRead MoreAlcohol And Addiction By Hamish Todd1640 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol and Addiction By Hamish Todd Alcohol has a colorful history in the United States, in the 1920s and early 30s, the sale, manufacture and distribution of alcohol was illegal. The result of a widespread temperance movement during the first decade of the 20th century, Prohibition was difficult to enforce, despite the passage of companion legislation known as the Volstead Act. The increase of the illegal production and sale of liquor (known as â€Å"bootlegging†), the proliferation of speakeasies (illegalRead MoreOn Site Visit to Human Services1110 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: I visited The Centers of Marion County Mental Health, which is a facility that treats mental health patients as well as patients that need detoxification services. The facility has both in-patient and out-patient programs that counsel and treat both adults and children that deal with mental health diagnosis such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, psychosis, depression, and much more. The mission of the centers is to â€Å"offer a wide variety of behavioral health care services Read MoreEssay On Substance Use Disorders1407 Words   |  6 Pagesinflated recidivism rates for this population. It has been found that over half of all inmates at county, state, and federal sentencing levels meet criteria for substance use disorders, as well as having served at least 3 total correctional sentences during their lifetime (Mumola Karberg, as cited in Pettus-Davis, Howard, Roberts-Lewis, Scheyett, 2011). Along with experiencing incarceration and forms of institutionalization, this population also requires rehabilitation and treatment for their SUD.

Franz Kafka once wrote, A book must be the axe for the sea beneath us Essay Example For Students

Franz Kafka once wrote, A book must be the axe for the sea beneath us Essay Franz Kafka once wrote, A book must be the axe for the sea beneath us. This statement is certainly true when related to his novel, The Trail as the novel anticipates a shift towards a totalitarian society and tells a story of a time when the individual is without control of his own destiny and effectively powerless. Despite this, there appears to be an underlying issue within the novel. The story of Joseph K and his arrest seems to have an autobiographical element and relates to Kafkas own feelings of alienation and his personal conflict in pursuit of acceptance from others, in particular his father. Franz Kafka was an emotional co-dependent and was reliant on his parents. His father was a domineering patriarch whom Kafka respected but he strived to evoke pride in his father for him, yet always felt under the shadow of his fathers disappointment. This lack of acceptance and encouragement to indulge in literature and the arts, which Kafkas father viewed as fanciful, left Kafka feeling like an outsider and this theme is common in many of his works, including The Metamorphosis, that deals with an outsider who eventually suffers the literal and symbolic transformation into an insect. Also, A Hunger Artist that consists of four parables regarding the artists inability to cope with an existence in the human community. The Trial is concerned with a bank clerk, Josef K. , who is arrested and put on trial without having knowingly done anything wrong. There is a sense of a conspiracy against him in the novel as some of his friends and colleagues are also involved in his arrest and trial. K visits various influences during the novel, none of whom can save him from his inevitable death at the end of the novel. The question queries whether The Trial anticipates the coming of a totalitarian society where autonomy is obsolete. If this were true, the novel would include occurrances where decision usually left to the will of the individual were controlled by another power and where free thought is either a crime or is actively discouraged. Despite the comparisons between the novel and Franz Kafkas personal life, The Trial is, on the surface, a novel which tells the story of the terror and oppression of a totalitarian society. The first chapter, Arrest- Conversation With Frau Grubach-Then Fraulein Burstner tells of Ks yet two warders, Franz and Willem are permitted access into his building and into his room without his consent. K firstly considers the possibility that, as it is his thirtieth birthday, his colleagues at the bank may be playing a trick on him, but this fallacy is soon dispersed as the warders explain to Josef K, the implications of his arrest. It is at this point that the reader is informed of the societys aversion to free thought and autonomy when Willem advises, We advise you not to disturb yourself with useless thoughts but to pull yourself togetherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The theme of the  chapter so far has been Ks reluctance to accept the fact that he has been placed under arrest and the warders demands for apathy from K. The warders ask repeatedly for K to simply accept the proceedings and not to question. This may give an early indication of the society and the structure in which K exists. The mere fact that K can be arrested without having knowingly done anything wrong and without being given any explanation also suggests the idea of totalitarianism. To compound this idea, at the end of the second chapter, K discovers that his legal rights have been withdrawn when the magistrate declares, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦today, although you may not be conscious of it yet, you have deprived yourself of the advantage which a hearing invariably confers on a person under arrest. This statement confirms that K no longer has any input in his case and is powerless. His destiny is now no longer in his control. This also asks another question, as when K was making his protest, the audience applauded him, and he was probably encouraged to continue as a result of this. There is a possibility that he was tricked into continuing his speech by the audience, who may have been members of the court and not impartial. As a result of this continuation, the magistrate then had an excuse to dismiss him and refuse him the advantage of a hearing. A terrifying image of totalitarianism is within the third chapter. After his meeting in the courthouse, K is taken by a court usher to visit others in a similar situation to him. When K asks one of the men what he is waiting for, he cannot answer and is confused by the question. The text gives an explanation for this an also tells that the man was clearly embarrassed about his inability to answer K. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦he was obviously a man of the world who in other circumstances would be completely in command of himself and would not have surrendered easily the superiority he had gained over so many people. This is a definite indication that Kafka is describing a totalitarian society, as free thought is actively discouraged in this type of political regime, as those who are intelligent and discerning are seen as a threat because they are supposedly the only faction who would be capable of undermining the government. This theory may also explain why K was arrested. He may have been viewe d as a potential menace because he is clearly an educated man. In the sixth chapter, The Uncle-Leni K visits his uncle who has experienced a similar trial. This would suggest that the arrest that K endured is commonplace. This, in turn, invites the reader to question the society and ask why if the arrests are widespread, are the people they are affecting powerless? It is possible that there is a force at work which is keeping people from appealing against their arrests, which suggests that  the political system that exists in this novel is definitely one which upholds some totalitarian ethos. A successful totalitarian regime would necessitate for a common figure of hate and a common figure of love and respect to prevent the minds of the people from being diverted onto other issues and to prevent them from questioning or rebelling against the political system. A Modest Proposal Essay IdeasThe fact that someone in a position of power can abuse a woman at his own free will adds to the terrifying reality of the novel. Josef K meets Rudi Block in chapter 7, he also represents an issue of hierarchy as he demonstrates humility when faced with the advocate. Rudi repeatedly bows down to the advocate and this and the incident with the law student and the ushers wife would indicate that those who are respected the most in this society are those who have some connection with the legal profession. Not every aspect of the novel focuses on the horrors of totalitarianism. Some of the issues raised would be considered as personal issues raised by Kafka in connection to aspects of his life. There is a feeling of persecution throughout the novel, and in some instances, a feeling that there is a conspiracy occurring. In the first chapter, when K is faced with two intruders, it appears that Frau Grubach, his trusted landlady was fully aware of what was going to take place that day. Also present at his arrest were three of his colleagues from the bank, Rabensteiner, Kaminer and Kullych. This insinuates that there is a kind of conspiracy occurring and reiterates Ks feelings of ersecution. The incident in the courthouse when K is applauded for his speech, so he continues, but later regrets this as he is subsequently refused a hearing adds to the aura of conspiracy that shrouds the novel. Also, the parable of the law that the priest retells to K could possibly be symbolic. The man is refused access through the door, yet when his life is almost over and it is e ffectively too late, he discovers that it was his doorway from the very first instance. This idea compounds Kafkas feelings of rejection and inadequacy. It is interesting at this juncture to otice that the first possible explanation that K mentions is that of deceit. This may reflect Kafkas inner sentiment and his feelings of alienation. There are numerous indications and references to persecution that would suggest that the novel is a gateway to Kafkas inner emotions and it is as narcissistic as it is political. In the final chapter, K is lead to his death by two men and it is their intention for K to drive a knife into himself a cause his own death. This could be a punishment for Ks criticism of the legal system, of his free thought or his unwillingness to accept his arrest and its consequences. This incident could reflect Kafkas relationship with his father who he possibly felt punished by as a result of his desire to pursue his love of art and literature as opposed to conforming to the identity that Kafkas father had carved out for him. Another interpretation of certain parts of the novel is that Kafka is criticising the legal system. Kafka received a law degree in 1906 and presumably he would have been exposed to and aware of the flaws within the legal system. During the examination in the second chapter, the magistrate has incorrect information on K, who is outraged by this. He challenges, Im not saying the proceedings are slapdash, but this is the expression Id like to offer for your private consideration. This idea of criticism of the legal system is compounded when, whilst in conversation with Titorelli, K exhorts, The whole court could be replaced by one executioner. To support the idea of criticism, K frequently mentions the flaws that he sees in the judicial system. His advocate is incompetent and K regularly alludes to this fact and there is an incident in the third chapter when whilst in the empty assembly hall, K uncovers some books belonging to he magistrate which consist of indecent pictures of men and women. These two occurrences both highlight the legal system as being farcical, and it is possible that this is part of Kafkas intent. Kafka also uses language effectively to create the correct atmosphere for his narrative. The paragraphs in the novel are incredibly long and laborious and this helps to convey the idea of entrapment that K feel s. The speech is within the text and no indentation is made when a person begins to speak. This helps to create the impression of the society obsessed with bureaucracy and often makes the novel difficult and wkward to read, possibly reflecting the issues that K faces when trying  to fathom the legal system. The language used in the novel is literal, but effective in describing the surroundings, people and events. The language that Kafka uses challenges the reader throughout the novel whilst still remaining concise and lucid. The prosaic form that is uses contrasts starkly with the abstract, almost absurd subject matter in The Trail. An extract from Joan Bradshaws book, Creating Love reads, I interpret this novel as a symbolic presentation of Kafkas awareness of the deep inner antagonisms that split his life apart. This would suggest that The Trial is a narcissistic piece of narrative disguised as a political parable, but others would argue that function of The Trial was a warning in anticipation of a modern totalitarian society. The real beauty of The Trial is that its true intention is such an enigma that others are encouraged to create alternative interpretations and relate it to todays society. Albert Camus encapsulated this idea when he wrote, It is the fate and perhaps the greatness of that work that it offers everything and confirms nothing.

Tourism promotes understanding free essay sample

Can international tourism promotes understanding between nations? BY 611 loll Every year, hundreds of millions of people move around to see a different part of the world. It is natural to assume that tourists who have seen other countries have a better knowledge of the people. That assumption also leads to the conclusion that international tourism promotes understanding between nations. How true is this? Let us examine what tourists do in a different country.First, before going abroad, tourists are often told by their travel agents of the possible shards which sometimes include local people. They are given example of extreme cases where victims are always the travelers. Then, when they arrive, they are immediately taken to their hotels in big coaches. They flood places where local people dont go. Their shopping, meals, entertainment all take place in secluded areas. They wear a bubble all the way. Apart from speaking to the guide and a few shop assistants, tourists rarely talk to the local people. We will write a custom essay sample on Tourism promotes understanding or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To make it even worse, they meet pickpockets, they are ripped off by dishonest traders. Furthermore, very few local people bother to talk to them out of a genuine Interest In the guests country, people and culture. Therefore, when asked how much they know about the local people, their answer Is very little. If someone really wants to understand a different culture, he has to learn Its language, stay there for at least a few month without wearing a bubble, learn how to curse and swear, bargain with a vegetable vendor and then he can say that he understands the people.

Cheap and Simple Desk Hacks That Will Boost Your Productivity [Video]

Cheap and Simple Desk Hacks That Will Boost Your Productivity [Video] A clean and clear desk makes for a clean and clear mindwhich, in turn, makes for better work. It sounds like nonsense, but theres no denying that clutter is distracting–if not to you, than to the people around you.Be respectful to your colleagues as well as yourself by trying out some of these no-cost desk hacks from BuzzFeedYellow.

Cocaine Facts and Description

Cocaine Facts and Description Cocaine is benzoylmethylecgonine, a crystalline alkaloid from the coca plant. It acts as a stimulant, appetite suppressant, and anesthetic. Crack cocaine is another form of cocaine, a derivative of cocaine hydrochloride. Here are some useful cocaine facts and answers to common questions: What Does Cocaine Look Like? Powdered cocaine is a fine white powder. Street cocaine is cut with other substances to increase profit, so its appearance may be slightly different, depending on the type of impurity. How Is Powdered Cocaine Used? Powdered cocaine is most commonly snorted through the nose, though it may be dissolved in water and injected. Snorted cocaine produces a high within 3-5 minutes after use. Injected cocaine produces an effect within 15-30 seconds. Crack cocaine usually is smoked. Why Do People Use Cocaine? Cocaine is used because it produces euphoria, is a stimulant, suppresses appetite, and can be used as a pain reliever. It is highly addictive and leads to tolerance sometimes after one use, so increasing doses of cocaine are needed to achieve a high. What Are the Effects of Cocaine Use? Users typically feel a rush followed by a sense of alertness and well-being. Cocaine increases levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is associated with pleasure and increased movement. When the pleasant effects of cocaine wear off users may feel down or depressed, more than before taking the drug. Some users report being unable to duplicate the intensity of the first exposure with subsequent use. The stimulant effects of cocaine can lead users to feel anxious, restless, and irritable. What Are the Risks of Using Cocaine? Cocaine is highly addictive. Cocaine users are at risk for dangerously elevated blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature, risk of seizure, stroke, and cardiac arrest. Injecting cocaine can involve a risk of contracting HIV, hepatitis, and other blood-borne diseases. Where Does Cocaine Come From? Cocaine is derived from a paste from the coca plant, a species which grows in South America. Street Names for Cocaine BlowCNose CandyPowderNose PowderWhite PowderAspirinAuntBirdie PowderBolivian Marching PowderBouncing PowderCandy SugarDevils DandruffFast White LadyFlakeFlaveFoolish PowderFriskie PowderJoy PowderMarching PowderParibaPowder DiamondsShakeShrileSnowballSoftStar-Spangled PowderSugar BoogersUptownWhite BoyWhite DragonYao

New Media College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

New Media College - Essay Example As the discussion stresses one major way in which everyone has been affected by the wave of new media is that, now the media does not present information and entertainment to us but with us. People are not passive audience of the media but actively participate in all the media related activities, as new media is highly interactive in nature. The audience decides what it wants to see or listen. Media is no longer controlled by companies but by its audiences. According to the paper findings people do not just read content but make content too. It has become so interactive that people are using the older media to connect to the revolution brought in by the newer media. One’s voice on the web can be put up with ease. Just get it recorded and it’s on the web passing your message to the people you wanted to interact about every possible issue. One to many communication is becoming a thing of past. One–on-one communication is the trend that is building up so in future the role of journalists will be limited. This threat has resulted in many improvisations in the way the journalist’s present information. In an attempt to sustain the competition from new media, they have become very interactive. They no more look as media people, but people among us catering to our requirements of infotainment. The blog trend is catching up. In the coming 10 years we will turn to blogs for news in virtually every field of interest. Wh ether it is business, politics, or other social issues, the blog is going to become credible first-hand vehicle of information. Similar to the blog small content management system, self-publishing, systems integrating audio and video publishing etc. would be the source of information in the next decade. The computer is becoming an integral part of all activities in virtually every thinkable area of our growth process. To improve corporate collaborations, the business leaders are turning to wikis and blogs. These two have the potential to make emails a part of the traditional media. In fact emails have been started being treated as snail mails. It has been observed in the journal 'Information Age' (2006, p. 27) that " wikisare easier to manage than hundred of emails. The theory is - much like open source software development -

Mobile Phones Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Mobile Phones Marketing - Case Study Example As wireless technologies evolve the coming mobile revolution will bring dramatic and fundamental changes to the world. This revolution has already begun and is gaining momentum. The revolution will impact numerous facets of our daily lives and the way business is conducted and will provide important data in real time to assist decision makers exert great influence on communications between businesses and their customers and transform the way we live our lives. The challenges facing mobile services, such as changes in business strategies, investment risk, limitations in mobile devices, networking problems, infrastructure constraints, security concerns, and user distrust in mobile applications and these provoke the researcher's issues such as killer applications, usability, user interfaces, mobile access to databases, and agent technologies. To remain competitive, mobile-device vendors, developers, and network operators must provide end users with a rich and satisfying experience. Mark eting have a great role in promoting wider and broader concept of IT business. Now we should see what are Apple iPhone and RIM Blackberry Smart Phones and what all concepts and business models have been used by both. Data is mainly collected through secondary sources. Collection of information is called a data. Data is of two types. They are primary data and secondary data. Primary data are those which are collected a fresh and for the first time and thus happen to be original in character. Secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else and which have already been passed through statistical process. Secondary data may be published or unpublished data .For this particular study secondary data used is "Market led strategic change" of Prof. Nigel F. Piercy, which is used as marketing tool and its concept. Secondary data is used for preparing company profile, and previous reports. Apple iPhone and RIM Blackberry: With all of the millions of iPhones already used by highly satisfied users including many corporate executives Apple has been pushed to add features to the iPhone to make it easier for IT staff to manage and integrate into the existing systems. This will enable iPhone users to gain access to server updates pushed from Exchange as they are updated on the server, rather than requested by the client at regular intervals like a typical email program. "When Apple announced that the iPhone would incorporate Exchange support through ActiveSync, they specifically pointed out some shortcomings of RIM's server-based system." (Kim 2008). Apple also highlighted the thousand of existing web-based applications that already work on the iPhone. One major challenge Apple faces in bumping the iPhone up to 3G is that it will require more battery power to operate and the iPhone already has significantly shorter battery life than comparing with other phones. So the company will need to improve the device's battery life but for the current users frequently need to recharge their battery every day. "Apple has given technology managers their iPhone wish list in full in an effort to make its phone more business friendly. The mission: Lure enough enterprises to the iPhone so Apple can hit its 10 million unit goal by the end of 2008." (Dignan 2008). Apple IPhone is the multimedia mobile phone, which enable internet connectivity with touch screen, virtual keyboard, camera phone and portable media player (ipod) along

Factors that affect the communication process Essay Example for Free

Factors that affect the communication process Essay There are various factors that affect the communication process. Among many of the factors some are very important and play a very important role throughout society, cultural, ethical and individual ways of perspective and communication. Throughout life people have and/or will be faced with the challenge of playing out these roles in society. For example, there are different cultures around the world. In some culture women are to be covered up at all times and are married off to as trade for cattle or money to their father. Where in cultures women are free to dress and marry by there choice. These two women will experience culture shock while communicating with each other. Culture is the values, attitudes and morals, someone is thought that carry over into their social lives. By taken the time to make sure we as people can cultural communication it can keep down most of the confusing in workplace, school and just maybe the world. Ethnical identify also is an important factor that affects the communication process, because of what is taught cultural and/or in people homes. The ethnicity plays in how two co-workers from different and same cultures interact with one another. For example, in the United States of America during slavery most White Americans where taught and believed they were superior when communicating with African-Americans so the communication was only a one direction channel. When African-American communication between each other back then where thru songs and marking. Ethnical identify is a very touchy subject all over the world and causes  racial profiling among all Ethnical groups. The most important factor that these minority races consider are their backgrounds. Ethnical issues can arise due to terminations, promotions, and bonuses. The individual identity is also an important factor that impacts communication. An individual communicates with others depended upon their own social imagination. This can play a role in which supervisor is admired in the workplace and willing to work with you, or who is most resented. Once others realize this they accept it, and find ways to work around with but  remove themselves from the person outside of a work environment. This includes someone’s own personality traits and how they esteem themselves. Finally the last factor to be discussed is societal identity. This references the roles others play in society. Some people may object to others actions, because they have different backgrounds. In the workplace younger works are said to be better at handle the rapid pace of how things change with technology in the workplace than older worker. This is not a true statement; however this is the depiction of society. The roles people paly such as a supervisor. It allows us to present ourselves a certain way towards our supervisors. I for one have taught and seen older coworkers take the time to learn and catch up with the pace of the change in the workplace.

The Gift Tax Essay -- Accounting

The Gift Tax   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the taxes that we went over in class was gift taxes. This is a tax that is implied when property, personal items, or money with a value of over 10,000 dollars is given from one person to another. There are a few exceptions to this law such as giving to non-prophit organizations or the donation is going towards an education or tuition. I feel that this is a good tax to have because it will keep greedy people from transferring their money around to evade paying taxes on it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gift tax is will make sure that all citizens pay their fair amount of taxes which is decided by their income. This tax is collected and responsible to the donor. This person must file a gift - tax return with the Internal Revenue Service. There are little ways to ex...

Swot Analysis of Mercury Drug Store

Questions ON PROBLEM 1 a. Determine the depreciation associated with the new equipment, as well as the unused depreciation on the old equipment. b. Determine the cash inflows (after depreciation and taxes) associated with the new equipment. c. Determine the cash outflows associated with the equipment. Show each of the items that would appear in the T-account. Then show both the cash inflows and cash outflows in the T-account. d. Determine (1) the net present value, (2) the profitability index, (3) the internal rate of return, and (4) the payback period of the proposed project. DEPRECIATION USING MACRS TABLE (NEW EQUIPMENT) ST YR 75,000. 00 X 33. 33% = 24,997. 50 2ND Yr 75,000. 00 x 44. 45% = 33,3337. 50 3rd Yr. 75,000. 00 x 14. 81 % = 11,107. 50 4th yr 75,000. 00 x 7. 41 % = 5,557. 50 DEPRECIATION USING MACRS TABLE (NEW EQUIPMENT) 1ST YR 50,000. 00 X 33. 33% = 16,665 2ND Yr 50,000. 00 x 44. 45% = 22,225. 00 3rd Yr. 50,000. 00 x 14. 81 % = 7,405. 00 4th yr 50,000. 00 x 7. 41 % = 3,705 . 00 16,665. 00 + 22,225. 00 + 7,405. 00 = 46,295. 00 16,665. 00 + 22,225. 00 + 7,405. 00 = 46,295. 00 50,000. 00 – 46,495 = 3,705. 00 Unused Depreciation on old equipmentCASH INFLOWS/CASH OUTFLOWS FOR NEW EQUIPMENT 1ST YEAR TOTAL SAVINGS 30,000. 00 Less: Depreciation Expense 24,997. 50 Freight Expense 5,000. 00 Working Capital 3,000. 00 32,997. 50 Income before Tax ( 2,992. 500 ) VVVVVVVVVVVV 2nd YEAR TOTAL SAVINGS 30,000. 0 Less: Depreciation Expense 33,337. 50 Working Capital (30,000 x 12%) 3,600. 00 36,937. 50 Income before Tax ( 6,937. 50) Vvvvvvvvvvv 3rd YEAR TOTAL SAVINGS 30,000. 00 Less: Depreciation Expense 11,107. 50 Working Capital (30,000 x 12%) 3,600. 0 14,707. 50 Income before Tax 15,292. 50 Income Tax (15,292. 50 x 30%) 4,587. 50 NET INCOME 10,705. 00 VVVVVVVVV 4TH YEAR TOTAL SAVINGS 20,000. 0 Less: Depreciation Expense 5,557. 50 Working Capital (20,000 x 12%) 2,400. 00 7,957. 50 Income before Tax 12,042. 50 Income Tax (12,042. 50 x 30%) 3,612. 75 NET INC OME 8,429. 5 VVVVVVVVV C A S H FLOW _____________________________________ CASH IN : CASH OUT 30,000. 00 : 75,000. 00 30,000. 00 : 5,000. 00 30,000. 00 : 3,000. 00 20,000. 0 : 3,600. 00 : 3,600. 00 : 4,587. 50 : 3,612. 75 Totals 110,000. 00 : 98,400. 25 Vvvvvvvvvv vv vvv vvv NET PRESENT VALUE: P 1,500. 00 SINCE MACHINE IS FULLY DEPRECIATED PROFITABILITY INDEX/INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN 1ST YEAR – NONE ND YEAR – NONE 3RD YEAR – 10,705. 00 / 30,000. 00 = 36% 4TH YEAR – 8429. 75 / 20,000. 00 = 42% Payback period starts on the 3RD YEAR†¦.. QUESTIONS ON PROBLEM 2 a. Determine the depreciation associated with the new equipment, as well as the unused depreciation on the old equipment. b. Determine the cash inflows (after depreciation and taxes) associated with the new equipment. c. Determine the cash outflows associated with the equipment. Show each of the items that would appear in the T-account. Then show both the cash inflows and cash outflows in the T-a ccount. d.Determine (1) the net present value, (2) the profitability index, (3) the internal rate of return, and (4) the payback period of the proposed project. DEPRECIATION USING MACRS TABLE (NEW COMPUTER) 1ST YR 83,000. 00 X 20% = 16,600. 00 2ND Yr 83,000. 00 x 32% = 26,560. 00 3rd Yr. 83,000. 00 x 19. 20 % = 15,936. 00 4th yr 83,000. 00 x 11. 52 % = 9,561. 60 5TH YEAR 83,000. 00 X 11. 52% = 9,561. 60 6TH YEAR 83,000 X 5. 76% = 4,780. 80 TOTAL P 83,000. 00 DEPRECIATION USING MACRS TABLE (OLD COMPUTER) 1ST YR 97,000. 00 X 20% = 19,400. 00 2ND Yr 97,000. 00 x 32% = 31,040. 0 3rd Yr. 97,000. 00 x 19. 20 % = 18,624. 00 4th yr 97,000. 00 x 11. 52 % = 11,174. 40 5TH YEAR 97,000. 00 X 11. 52% = 11,174. 40 6TH YEAR 97,000 X 5. 76% = 5,587. 20 TOTAL P 97,000. 00 UNUSED DEPRECIATION OF OLD COMPUTER IS 5,587. 50 CASH INFLOWS/CASH OUTFLOWS FOR NEW EQUIPMENT 1ST YEAR TOTAL SAVINGS 20,000. 00 Less: Depreciation Expense 16,600 Electrical Wirings 2,300. 0 Working Capital 3,500. 00 22,400. 00 I ncome before Tax ( 2,400,00 ) VVVVVVVVVVVV 2nd YEAR TOTAL SAVINGS 20,000. 00 Less: Depreciation Expense 26,560. 0 Working Capital (20,000 x 14%) 2800. 00 29. 360. 50 Income before Tax ( 9,360. 50) Vvvvvvvvvvv 3RD YEAR TOTAL SAVINGS 20,000. 00 Less: Depreciation Expense 15,936. 00 Working Capital (20,000 x 14%) 2800. 00 18,736. 0 Income before Tax 1,264. 00 Income Tax (1,264. 00 x 35%) 442. 40 NET INCOME 821. 60 VVVVVVVV 4thYEAR TOTAL SAVINGS 20,000. 00 Less: Depreciation Expense 9,561. 0 Working Capital (20,000 x 14%) 2800. 00 12,361. 60 Income before Tax 7,638. 40 Income Tax (7638. 40 x 35%) 2,673. 44 NET INCOME 4,964. 96 VVVVVVVV thYEAR TOTAL SAVINGS 20,000. 00 Less: Depreciation Expense 9,561. 60 Working Capital (20,000 x 14%) 2800. 00 12,361. 60 Income before Tax 7,638. 40 Income Tax (7638. 40 x 35%) 2,673. 44 4,964. 96 vvvvvvvvv thYEAR TOTAL SAVINGS 20,000. 00 Less: Depreciation Expense 4,780. 80 Working Capital (20,000 x 14%) 2800. 00 7,580. 80 Income before Tax 1 2,419. 20 Income Tax (12419. 20x 35%) 4,346. 72 NET INCOME 8,072. 48 VvvvvvvvC A S H FLOW _____________________________________ CASH IN : CASH OUT 20,000. 00 : 83,000. 00 20,000. 00 : 2,300. 00 20,000. 00 : 3,500. 00 20,000. 00 : 2,800. 00 20,000. 0 : 2,800. 00 20,000. 00 : 442. 40 : 2,800. 00 : 2,673. 44 : 2,800. 00 : 2,673. 44 : 2,800. 00 : 4,346. 2 Totals 120,000. 00 : 112,936. 00 Vvvvvvvvvv vv vvv vvv NET PRESENT VALUE: P 4,500. 00 SINCE MACHINE IS FULLY DEPRECIATED PROFITABILITY INDEX/INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN 1ST YEAR – NONE 2ND YEAR – NONE 3RD YEAR – 821. 60 / 20,000. 00 = 4% 4TH YEAR – 4964. 96 / 20,000 = 25% 5TH YEAR – 4964. 96 / 20,000 = 25% 6TH YEAR – 8072. 48 / 20,000 = 40% Payback period starts on the 3RD YEAR†¦.. Enmar (NICO) P. Matuguinas BSBA_Marketing Management 3rd

Ict in Supermarkets

IT in the Supermarket Information systems are used widely in shops and in the distribution of goods and one area in which their use is particularly important is supermarkets. Computer systems are used in a variety of ways in the modern, large supermarket, from stock control to maintaining temperatures in fridges and freezers. In this section we will look in more detail at these systems in one particular large supermarket, which is part of a national chain. The supermarket uses several computers which are located in a room known as the system office and form the upermarkets own Local Area Network. These computers are used to control the stock and are connected to the checkouts. These are the ‘branch computers'. The computers are multifunctional, and each can access the data, which gives the management a number of access points. Admin and stock control staff now have access to hand held computers, SEC (Shelf Edge Computers). These are used for price changes, creating stock pictur es (information on stock totals) and for forecasting deliveries. Like many companies, they have experimented with giving customers hand held scanners to enter their own shopping.The experiment has been discontinued due to huge stock losses, staff called them ‘Shop and Rob’ rather than ‘Shop and Go’. The company is currently looking at developing a better system to get round these problems. Each product to be sold must have an identifying code number which is different from that of every other product. Different sizes of the same product even need different code numbers. These code numbers are printed onto the labels or packaging of the product in the form of bar codes. Located at each checkout is an ELECTRONIC POINT OF SALE ( EPOS ) till. ThisEPOS till comprises a keyboard, a digital display, a scanner which reads bar codes, a set of scales, a printer, a credit / debit card reader and a till drawer. Each till also has its own base to which all of the above is attached. It is the base unit which is connected by cables to the branch computer in the supermarket's system office. Bar codes are made up of a set of black lines and white spaces. Look at the bar code. You can see that it is split into two halves, and each half is contained within two thin black stripes. The diagram shows the pattern of lines for each digit on the bar code.Notice that the pattern for a digit on the right hand half of a bar code is the opposite of the one on the left hand half. Many bar codes today use the European Article Number or EAN. This is a thirteen digit number which can be used to uniquely identify a product. Using the bar code shown as an example : a) The first 2 digits represent the country from which the company producing the product comes. 50 – U. K. b) The next five digits represent the company which produced the product. 00208 – Lyons Tetley Ltd. c) The following five digits represent the product. 02100 – 80 Tea bags. ) The la st number is a check digit. This is used to make sure the bar code has been read correctly. So 5000208021000 is the EAN for a box of 80 Tetley tea bags. The bar codes on products are read by the EPOS tills at the checkouts. This is achieved by using a scanner, which sends out infra-red laser beams via a set of mirrors, enabling the bar code to be read at most angles. When an item is passed over the scanner, the black and white parts of the code are detected by the laser, as the black parts reflect very little light whilst the white parts reflect most of the light.This is converted into electrical pulses which are sent along the cables to the branch computer. The branch computer then searches its stock file for the product matching the EAN number. When this record is located the price and description of the product is extracted and sent back to the EPOS till at the checkout which then shows this item and price on the digital display, prints them on a receipt and adds the price to the total. At the same time, the branch computer records that one of this item has been sold. We will look at how this is used for stock control on other pages.When a bar code has been correctly scanned, the scanner emits a bleep. If no such sound is made, the item can be passed over the scanner again until it has been correctly read. The keyboard is used to enter codes of products that will not scan, for example reduced price items. The scales at the EPOS till are also linked up to the branch computer. All loose fruit and vegetables are weighed at the checkout. Each product has a code number which, when typed in at the keyboard, gives the customer a description of the product on the receipt along with the weight and price of the purchase.The weight of the product is also deducted from the stock file. As well as printing an itemised receipt, the printer attached to the EPOS till can also print the name of the supermarket, the date and the amount owing on cheques and debit / credit card vouchers. This lessens the chance of mistakes as well as minimising the amount of time a customer has to spend at the checkout. Not every customer pays by cash or cheque though. Many now opt to pay by a debit card such as Switch or Delta. In these cases the customer’s card is swiped through the card reader which reads the information ( such as the account umber and date of expiry ) held on the magnetic strip on the back of the card. The latest in store development has been the arrival of smart card readers at the EPOS. A debit card with a smart chip is placed in the reader and the customer then enters their PIN to authorise the money being taken out of their account. This is much more secure than signing a docket as it cannot be forged. This information is then added to the details of how much the customer has spent and, after checking that sufficient funds are present, used to transfer this amount from the customer’s bank account to that of the supermarket’s.T his process is called ELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFER and works even if the supermarket's bank is different from that of the customer. PRICING The price of a product, as we have seen, is sent to the EPOS terminal when the product’s bar code is read. In the past, every single item had a price sticker attached and when a price change was required, new labels had to be placed over the old ones. This was a time consuming task, as every single item on the shelves of the product requiring the price change required a new label. Mistakes were sometimes made and customers over or undercharged. Nowadays there are no price labels ttached to products, neither does the packaging of the product show the price. The only reference to the price of a product is contained on a label attached to the shelf where that product is situated. These shelf labels are produced by the branch computer and are printed out in different sizes according to the size of the shelf display for a particular product. Tech nology. As bar codes are scanned, the branch computer looks for items which are on special offer and discounts the prices where necessary. STOCK CONTROL There are, in fact, six branch computers linked to the EPOS terminals at the checkouts.They all record information about items sold and provide backup for each other. If only one computer was used and it broke down, the supermarket could not function. These branch computers are linked via the satellite links to a large main computer housed at the supermarket's head office elsewhere in the country. All branches of this supermarket are also linked in this way to the main computer and this is an example o an extranet. Special offers such as Multibuy – â€Å"Buy two and get one free† or LinkSave – â€Å"Buy one product and save 50% on another† could not be offered before the introduction of InformationAfter the supermarket has closed at the end of the day, the following happens : 1) The branch computer sends the details of every individual sale to the main computer at the Head Office. 2) Using this information, the main computer system updates its record of the number in stock of every item in the store. The SEC allows managers to get a real time stock picture and allows a manager to escalate stock deliveries from nothing to 72 hours to 48 hours. It also gives a better picture of stock losses and improves the service the shop can give its customers 3) Using a forecast of sales along with other factors ( uch as the weather and the time of the year etc. ) the system automatically orders the correct amount of stock required by the store for the next available delivery 48 or 72 hours ahead. 4) The main computer also transmits these orders to computers in the distribution centres (large warehouses storing products ready for delivery to stores ) across the satellite link. 5) These distribution centres then deliver the required stock to the stores immediately. 6) Price changes and prices of ne w products, special offers etc. are sent back to branch computer in the supermarket. ) New shelf labels are printed and the night staff of the supermarket place these on the shelves ready for the following day. The company also uses computers for staff recruitment. New applicants can fill in an application form over the Internet and have it vetted by the Head Office. This saves time at branch level and serves to get rid of some applicants. If an applicant fills in a form at the branch, this can be scanned in and then uploaded to the Head office. JUST IN TIME v STANDARD METHOD OF STOCK CONTROL In the standard method, a shop selling cookers etc, keeps it stock in a shop and in an attached warehouse.When stock in the shop are runs low it is replenished from the warehouse. A check is kept on how much stock is in the warehouse. When the warehouse needs new stock, an order is placed with the appropriate suppliers – or with the organisation’s main warehouse – and the g oods are delivered. In addition to being used for stock control, the information from scanning is collected on the main computer at the Head Office to build up a ‘profile' or description of the way in which its customers shop. For example, the ratio of customers who use a washing powder to those who use a liquid detergent an be calculated from the sales of washing detergents in any particular store. From this sort of information, the amount of shelf space to be given to a product can be calculated. OTHER USES The stores are also big users of email. Each store is connected to each other, to every depot and to the Head Office. The email is used for area initiatives, promotional planning, quality control issues, head office bulletins, warning about shoplifters and banning letters. The ‘just-in-time’ system takes advantage of a stock information system. As products pass through the electronic points of sales (EPOS), the relevant data is sent to a atabase containing in formation about stock levels. When stock falls below a set level more is ordered. Thus only a bare minimum of necessary stock is ordered and there is no need to maintain a large, fully stocked warehouse. In some cases the system is fully automated, working out how what stock is needed and electronically processing and communicating the order. Advantages †¢ Money is saved because less warehouse space needs to be purchased and maintained. †¢ Economies can be made in regard to labour costs, i. e. fewer staff are needed. †¢ The business is more aware of and more responsive to hanges in supply and demand Disadvantages †¢ If there is disruption to the transport system, shops and businesses will quickly run out of stock. †¢ Shops can still be caught out by sudden changes in buying patterns. In such cases they often find themselves without the stock the customers are asking for. †¢ An ICT system can be costly to set up and maintain, and expertise – which may also be costly – will be needed to run it. INTERNET SHOPPING Some supermarket companies now have websites which allow you to shop over the Internet, this has allowed them access to different markets i. e. people who do not have ransport to get to the store. Businesses have recognised that the Internet allowed people to interact with each other in a different way, and it gave the potential for creating new markets and in reinvigorating old ones. Businesses began to use the Internet in different ways: †¢ As a means of communicating information about the products and services they offer; †¢ As a ‘virtual shop’, allowing customers to purchase goods and services online; †¢ As a free service which makes money by advertisers to use the site; †¢ As a subscription service, e. g. allowing subscribers access to valuable information such as might be ontained in research papers; †¢ As an interactive site that encourages customers to give them fee dback on their products. Steps in interactive shopping 1. The customer views the company’s products via a website and selects the object(s) for purchase. 2. The customer enters his order, together with credit card details, via an on-screen form. 3. An encryption system or secure link is used to protect the transaction and to ensure credit card details are not accessible. 4. The order is received and sent to a database. 5. The information in the database is communicated to a distribution centre where rders are made up. 6. The order is delivered to the customer. Advantages to the customer †¢ Customers do not have to travel long distances to the shops and struggle through crowds to make their purchases. †¢ It can be beneficial to those customers who are disabled or who, for some other reason find it difficult to travel to shops. †¢ New, smaller, more specialised businesses present themselves on he web, thus widening the range of goods and services available. Advan tages to the business †¢ Overheads can be cut. A web-based business does not necessarily need a high street shop and staff to run it.Small specialised concerns have therefore been able to establish themselves on the web with very little capital outlay. †¢ Many new businesses have been created via the Internet; some have been successful some not. The overall effect, however, has been to invigorate the business environment by introducing healthy competition. Some difficulties †¢ Despite assurances by business that their sites are secure, many people are anxious about giving out their credit card details online. There have been sufficient examples of Internet-based credit cards fraud to justify this fear. †¢ Anybody can set up an online business and some ebsites are not run in an honest and reliable manner. Customers have ordered and paid for goods that hve never arrived. †¢ Shopping is not just a functional act. It is also a social activity. People go shopping to be with their friends and enjoy the atmosphere of towns and cities. Computers are also used to control the freezers and chillers throughout the store. In the warehouse, the large freezers have to be kept within a certain temperature range. This is achieved by having temperature sensors inside each freezer which monitor the conditions and switch the cooling motor on or off.On the floor of the supermarket are many freezers and chillers which are used to store and display a wide variety of products such as fresh meat, dairy produce and frozen goods. CONTROL SYSTEMS Different products have different requirements in terms of temperature. Fresh meat, for instance, may have to be kept at 4 C whilst ice cream has to be stored at -15 C. The freezers and chillers therefore are kept at many different temperatures and, in the past, an employee of the supermarket had to check the temperature of the chiller every hour. Now every freezer and chiller is linked to a computer in the branch office .A temperature sensor in each freezer or chiller constantly MONITORS the temperature, sending data back to this computer which sends signals back, when needed, switching the individual freezer / chiller motors on or off, thus maintaining the correct temperatures. A display on each freezer / chiller shows the temperature to customers. the build up of ice but without defrosting the food. Any breakdowns are detected immediately, minimising the risk of food thawing and therefore being wasted. ADVANTAGES The advantages of using Information Technology in supermarkets can be broken down into two sections, the enefits to the customer and the benefits to the supermarket and its management. It must be remembered that changes and improvements come about over a period of time, for instance, while the introduction of Information Technology may save the supermarket chain money eventually, it requires a good deal of investment, both in terms of resources and training, initially and throughout its development. This is called a ‘closed loop control system'. As can be seen from the diagram, the freezer can be either on or off ( the PROCESS ) which leads to the freezer being a certain temperature ( the RESULT ). The temperature of the freezer s then either too high, too low or alright and this FEEDBACK is used to change the process if necessary (turns the freezer from off to on, or on to off. ) Every three or four hours, each freezer has to be defrosted and the computer controls this process as well, turning the freezer off long enough to stop To the customer * faster and more efficient checkout services. * itemised till receipts. * products more tailored to their needs. * fresher goods due to low stock levels held by supermarkets. * special offers. * benefits to the supermarket passed on in the way of lower prices or increased customer services. * various methods of payment. chilled or frozen food kept at the correct temperature. To the supermarket and its management * ef ficient stock control, less chance of goods being out of stock. * more efficient checkouts, less chance of errors by staff. * ability to use sales forecasts and ‘profiles', leading to more efficient use of shelf space. * little warehouse space required in each supermarket due to distribution system. * ability to monitor the performance of checkout staff. * shelf pricing more cost effective than labels on products. * ability to use electronic funds transfer improves cash flow. * effective management of chilled and frozen goods.

Can You Take the SAT Without Geometry

Can You Take the SAT Without Geometry SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The math section of the SAT covers four main areas: number /operations, algebra, data analysis /statistics, and geometry. If you've never taken a geometry class or feel it's not your strong suit, is itstill possible for youto score highly on the SAT math section? This article will let you know how much geometry is actually on the SATand how well you can score with little or no previous knowledge of the subject. First, how many of the math questions actually ask you about shapes and angles? How Much Geometry Is On the SAT? About 25% to 30% of the math questions are considered geometry questions. This equates to about 15 of the total 54 math questions (44 multiple choice and 10 grid-ins). These approximately 15 questions may cover a number of concepts. What Concepts In Geometry Are Covered? The questions may cover Area and perimeter of a polygon (triangles, squares, pentagons, and so forth) Area and cirumference of a circle Volume of a box, cube, and cylinder Pythagorean Theorem and special properties of isosceles, equilaterla, and right triangles Properties of parallel and perpendicular lines Coordinate geometry Geometric visualization Slope Similarity Transformations Below isan example of an SAT geometry questionabout surface area and volume of a polygon of medium level difficulty. If you're familiar with how to calculate surface area and volume, then it basically turns into an algebra problem where you solve for x. The correct answer here, by the way, is (C) 60. Do any of the above conceptssound familiar? If not, what's the highest score you can hope to achieve on the SAT math section? What Score Can You Get Without Geometry? If you skip all of the geometry questions and answer all of the other math questions correctly, then the highest score you can achieve is a 620. Of course, this isn't a particularly realistic scenario. You can't guarantee you'llanswerall of the other questions perfectly, nor will you necessarily be unable to answer any geometry questions just because you haven't taken a geometry class. Self-studying can go a long way, and some of the geometry questions may even be intuitive and easy for you to figure out. To give you a deeper understanding of how well you can score on the math section, let's review exactly how it's scored. First, you get a raw score that consists of one point for every correct answer, 0 points for skipped answers, and -1/4 point for wrong answers. If you answered every single question right, for instance, your raw score would be 54 (one point each for 54 correctly answered questions). This raw score is then converted to a scaled score between 200 and 800 by a process called equating, which takes into account the scores of everyone who took that test, along with a number of other variables. A raw score of 54 would equate to a perfect scaled score of800. So where did I get that number, 620? This chart shows how raw scores converted to scaled scores on last year's SAT. If you were to get15 geometry questions wrong, and the remaining 39 math questions correct, then your raw score would be 39. As you can see in the chart, a 39 equates to a 620. Again, since this isn't a very realistic scenario, this chart can give you a better idea of what scores you can aim to achieve on the SAT with little or no knowledge of geometry. I cut it off at 420, but as you know, the lowest score on the math section is a 200. Raw Score Scaled Score Raw Score Scaled Scored 54 800 35 590 53 790 34 580 52 760 33 570 51 740 32 560 50 720 31 550 49 710 30 540 48 700 29 540 47 690 28 530 46 680 27 530 45 670 26 510 44 660 25 500 43 650 24 490 42 640 23 480 41 640 22 470 40 630 21 460 39 620 20 450 38 610 19 440 37 600 18 430 36 590 17 420 These exact conversionsmay vary slightly from year to year, but they stay roughly the same. If you're curious about how the Critical Reading and Writing sections are scored (all the sections are a littledifferent)you can check out the scoring charts here. Now that you have a sense of what topics are covered and how the math section is scored, what can you take away from this information? SAT Math Section Takeaways At 25% to 30%, geometry concepts make upa significant part of the math section on the SAT. If you haven't taken geometry in school, it's definitely a good idea to try to learn some of the concepts on your own through your SAT prep. The geometry questions usually aren't too advanced, so you might be able to get a lot of them right with just a basic knowledge of the concepts and some practice. Seek out some representative questions and you should be able to anticipate and prepare yourself for the ones that will show up on your official SAT. SAT Questions of the Day can be a great introduction, and full length practice tests are very useful once you have some familiarity with the concepts. With some review of geometry on your own, you can probably enhance your overall math score a great deal. What's Next? When are you planning to take the SAT? Depending on your grade, you will likely be aiming for different target scores. Read about what makes a good score for 9thgrade, what's good for 10th, and what's a good score for your final SAT score for colleges. Are you figuring out your study plan for the SAT, or not sure how to fit in test prep with all the other things you've got going on in your life? This article helps you set target scores and plan out a study schedule so you can achieve high scores on this important test. Are you eventually aimingto get a perfect 800 on the math section of the SAT? This article by a full scorer breaks down how to achievethat elusive 800. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

Hamstrings and Hamstringing

Hamstrings and Hamstringing Hamstrings and Hamstringing Hamstrings and Hamstringing By Maeve Maddox A frequent injury among athletes is that of the hamstring: Dixon suffers hamstring injury Stewart suffers Hamstring injury Brandon Johnson suffers hamstring injury According to the orthopedics article at About.com, The hamstring muscle is a group of large, powerful muscles that span the back of the thigh, from the lower pelvis to the back of the shin bone. The hamstring is the important muscle that functions to extend the hip joint and flex the knee joint. In horses and other large four-footed animals, The hamstrings are a group of three muscles that go from the very top back of [the leg] to the stifle [The joint at the junction of the hind leg and the body that corresponds anatomically to the knee in man]. The hamstrings’ primary action is to extend the hip. They also aid in lateral movement and kicking. Like human athletes, horses can suffer hamstring injuries. If they’re not too severe, the horse can be treated. In severe cases, the animal is destroyed. As a verb to hamstring means to cut the hamstring muscles in order to lame or disable a person or an animal. Hamstringing one’s enemy or captured animals goes way back. Bible heroes Joshua and David practiced hamstringing: Joshua did to them as the LORD had directed: He hamstrung their horses and burned their chariots. Joshua 11:9 (New International Version) David captured a thousand of his chariots, seven thousand charioteers and twenty thousand foot soldiers. He hamstrung all but a hundred of the chariot horses. 2Samuel 8:4 (New International Version) About 800 years later, during a battle between Romans and Carthaginians in 216 BCE, fleeing Romans were hamstrung as they ran. The Carthaginians concentrated on the Romans who were still fighting and went back later to kill the crippled soldiers at their leisure. According to this quotation found on many forums, hamstringing is being used as a tactic of war in Zimbabwe: The latest atrocities, as seen on CNN, are mutilations committed by the dissidents to serve as a warning to farmers not to return. Dogs are hung alive from hooks on farm gates, childrens pet ponies are having one of their front hooves chopped off and cows and sheep are being hamstrung. Used figuratively, to hamstring means â€Å"To disable as if by hamstringing; to cripple, destroy the activity or efficiency of.† Fortunately, it’s this figurative use that is seen most frequently: Hamstrung by Bobby Kennedys laws against interstate traffic in gambling, the illegal horse parlor is vanishing The regulators are hamstrung. NZ farmers hamstrung by world economy Citigroup Shares Hamstrung Since Report Hamstrung by stodgy storytelling Hamstrung by a crisis of leadership Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Math or Maths?Round vs. Around30 Words Invented by Shakespeare

The role of divorce and single-parenting in creating poverty among Essay

The role of divorce and single-parenting in creating poverty among children - Essay Example The task of deciding how to engage fathers with their families is primarily under the purview of the provinces. Most provinces offer classes, mediation, and information for fathers and mothers on how fathers can maintain contact and be a positive influence in the lives of their children even after a divorce. Most provinces also offer such things as mental health services for children of separated or divorced parents. Although unstated, the policy of most provinces seems to be to try to keep the father mentally and physically involved with children even if they are not married or in a relationship with the mother. Unfortunately, the services offered to fathers seem to be almost an after-thought. Especially given the uphill battle unmarried fathers face in the Divorce Act. The primary target of the various departments is the single mother. Like most social welfare programs, the target of these policies is poor families. The Divorce Act complicates the relationship of poor faterhs with their children because poor fathers are more likely not able to meet the demands of their divorce or child-support decrees. At the same time, while not having a father affects all children, the results are especially damaging when the mother is poor. Similarly, tax benefits and allowances at the national and local levels (e.g. Canada Child Tax Benefit and national Child Benefit Supplement) are exclusively for the primary custody holder of the child. Meaning that although he is financially responsible for his children, fathers, even the very poor fathers, do not receive any support in trying to care for their child. This paper will show that while these efforts at engaging fathers are good and noble, the programs don't go far enough in encouraging parental involvement or assiting fathers who want to do the right thing for their children. Furthermore, those policies that try to encourage fathers to be more involved with their children are targeted primarily toward poor families, when in fact children of all economic classes would benefit from having fathers who better knew how to parent. Method In order to figure out provincial policies on educating and engaging fathers in the parenting process, I looked at reports published by various local governments. I also looked at what services were available to parents and specifically to fathers and to divorcing or separated families. There is a large amount of literature in the journals on the role of fathers in contributing to or helping to eliminate child poverty. The literature nearly universally agrees that the financial and parental contributions of a father are one of the most effective ways or reducing the number of children in poverty. Some of the literature is strongly in support of marriage, suggesting that the way to bring down the numbers of children living in poverty, it would be best to encourage unmarried mothers to marry and to help couples that are married stay that way. Others suggest that it would be far better to teach fathers how to be good parents and to provide them with support so that they can help provid e for their families whether or not they live with them. The governments seem to take this line. While many of the provinces offer some sort of marriage counseling, the vast majority of the services offered do not take into account whether or not the parents are married. Issues Addressed by the Policy The primary issue addressed by

Sulphur Hot Spring in Colorado Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sulphur Hot Spring in Colorado - Essay Example This discussion stresses that Sulphur Hot Springs Town is situated in the Grand County in Colorado in the United States of America with proximity to Byers Canyon and Kremmling. The town is 7680 feet height above sea level. It is the presence of the hot springs that caused the formation of the town now known as the Town of the Hot Springs Colorado. The Hot Sulphur Springs were a camping ground during the winter season for the inhabitants of the region who were the Ute Indians, who used the hot springs for medicinal purposes.As the study highlights the hot springs were originally discovered by William Byers, who the founder and the mind behind the Rocky Mountain News. The discovery led to the establishment of a town in the springs around 1860 with the name Warm Springs. Byers being an entrepreneur looked at the viability of the region, and decided that the region was a good site for constructing a Resort and a spa where people could come and have leisure during the winter seasons. Byer s decided to buy the site through a backdoor deal from a Minnesota woman although there was an original treaty naming the Ute tribe as the inhabitants and the legal owners of the site in 1863.  The Ute inhabitants were bitter about the sale deal and decided to sue Byers. Byers being connected to the territorial governors of the regions managed to win the case and staged war against the Ute people while calling for their eviction from the region. His idea was to create the most World Spa and Resort in the site.

Rape cases in higher learning institutions Research Paper

Rape cases in higher learning institutions - Research Paper Example The argument about false rape claims discusses various condition categories of false rape perpetrators which include attention seeking persons, vengeance people, psychological distressed people as well as those driven by greed for power and or money (Charen, 2014). Some faulty victims may attempt to report a false rape out of curiosity. They may be interested in knowing what will happen to people around them. Distraction is another cause for one to present a false rape allegation. They may want to distract the police, family, or even friend from a particular occurrence (Charen, 2014). False rape cases in colleges and universities are mainly affiliated with attention seeking. A victim may falsely claim rape in order to seek attention from the individuals he or she is interested in. For instance, a woman may falsely accuse her boyfriend of rape in order to get his attention. For example, it is noticeable that women do lie about rape. â€Å"Jackie's story has 'discrepancies' does not necessarily mean she was maliciously lying; and it certainly does not mean that other women who report sexual assault were probably lying† (Jaschik, 2014, p. 3).Students also may report the false rape to seek their parent’s attention. Parents may neglect their children while in colleges and universities. This may affect the child psychologically leading him or her to report false rape. Jaschik says, â€Å"It’s very common for victims of trauma not to know every single detail.†Revenge is also another cause that leads victims to report false rape.

Psychodynamic Theory and Trait Theory of Personality

Psychodynamic Theory and Trait Theory of Personality The purpose of this paper is to understand the behaviour exhibited in a specific case study using Freud’s psychodynamic theory and Allport’s trait theory of personality. Personality is defined as the thoughts, feelings and behaviour of an individual that perseveres over time and different situations (Perelberg Ebooks, 2008). Following a summary of the case study the paper will provide a brief overview of each theory and go into detail about how each theory explains the behaviour and personality of Judy, a mother who is the focus of the case study. Judy loves cleaning her house. She desires receiving compliments regarding her cleanliness. Judy spends every weekend cleaning. Whenever guests were invited over Judy would spend a lot of time and effort making sure her house was spotless. She would instruct the kids on acceptable conversation and organise frequent family meetings. Judy did not understand why other family members wouldn’t take cleaning seriously. A neighbour once accidently left grass clippings on her front lawn which resulted in Judy ignoring that neighbour for two years. Even though the family were not in any financial troubles Judy would force everyone to take extreme measures to save money. Judy would get mad when her friends didn’t invite her to dinner parties. She frequently criticises her friends and does not understand why someone would not want to be her friend. The first theory that will be discussed is Freud’s psychodynamic theory. Psychodynamic theory explains personality by focusing on the conscious and unconscious motivation behind human behaviour, feeling and emotion (Shelder, 2010). Freud stressed that the mind is not a single construct, but is in fact made up of separate components. These mental processes are fuelled by sexual and aggressive urges. These urges stem from instinctual and biological drives (Perelberg Ebooks, 2008). Some of these urges may be unacceptable on a conscious level and are repressed into the unconscious where they build up over time until they influence thoughts, feelings or behaviour. The mind is divided into three components that house these urges. The id is an unconscious component that seeks pleasure. The superego is constructed from internalised rules and expectations. The ego mediates between the unconscious urges of the id and the firm rules of the superego. The interactions between these components determine human personality and behaviour. This model on human behaviour is called Freud’s Structural Model (Freud, 1961). Freud proposed that adult human behaviour is influenced by childhood experiences (Freud Hall, 2014). Specifically he proposed a model where childhood sexual development would influence adulthood personality and behaviour. Inadequate development in a psychosexual stage would result in a fixation that would negatively influence behaviour and personality later on in life. In order to deal with these issues the mind can employ a range of defence mechanisms. Defence mechanisms are unconscious processes that distort reality to reduce unpleasant feelings and thoughts such as anxiety (Freud, 1992). These processes arise from the ego. Anxiety and other unpleasant feelings are a result of the id or superego becoming too demanding and causing distress. The second perspective that will be used is Allport’s Trait Theory. Allport’s theory suggests that human behaviour and personality is influenced by emotional, cognitive and behavioural tendencies called traits (Allport Allport, 1921). A trait can either be a predisposition to behave in a certain manner or it could be a personality characteristic. These traits can be used to obtain an understanding of a subject’s overall personality. Allport organised these traits into a hierarchical structure with three levels. Cardinal traits lie at the top of the hierarchy and are traits that govern an individual’s whole behaviour or personality (Allport, 1966). Most people don’t have cardinal traits but if they do they generally only have a singular trait that dictates their behaviour and personality. The next level of traits is called central traits. These consist of general characteristics of personality present in most individuals. These traits affect behaviour the most (Allport, 1937b). The last level of traits is secondary traits which are characteristics that are only apparent when in contact with specific external stimuli. These secondary traits can conflict with central traits when activated and account for uncommon displays of behaviour which may contradict overall personality. A major theme of Allport’s theory is that of functional autonomy, which states that adult behaviour and personality is not related to earlier experiences but behaviour first started as a drive for a separate motive which over time the desire for the drive outgrows the motive resulting in the drive being separate, or autonomous from the original drive (Allport, 1937a). Since the original motive for the behaviour is lost it is difficult to find the source or reasoning behind behavioural traits. Freud will be the first theorist that will be used to discuss Judy’s behaviours and personality. Freud explains Judy’s excessive cleanliness due to an inadequate development of the anal stage of psychosexual development in childhood (Freud Hall, 2014). In the anal stage, which lasts from 18 months to three years of age the child is learning to become toilet trained which is the first step in autonomy from parents. Properly developing this skill leads to a sense of accomplishment and independence. The outcome of this stage is dependent on the methods employed by the parents to teach bowl control (Freud Hall, 2014). If parents are too strict then the child may develop an anal-retentive personality which results in the child being orderly, rigid and obsessive. In this case study Judy is showing signs of an anal-retentive personality by her obsession on having a clean house and her strict rules on where items go in the kitchen. This behaviour is maintained by her superego which dominates her thoughts, feelings and behaviour (Freud, 1961). Judy’s strict rules on cleanliness and order may be the reason why she is so controlling in the family’s financial situation, due to her strict nature on cleanliness carrying over to other aspects of her life such as finance. Judy maintains order by frequently organising family meetings which are an outlet for her unconscious desires of order to manifest. Her feelings regarding her relationships with other people are repressed into her unconscious where they build up and come out via criticism to Sarah, her daughter or to the recipients face. Judy seeks approval from her guests. This approval is a major part of her id. Judy pursues approval for her id by using strict rules from her superego to gather compliments regarding her home. Judy’s quest for approval results in anxiety from keeping a clean house and frustration from guests not inviting her to dinner. Anxiety is a threat to the ego from impulses generated by the id (Freud, 1992). She uses defence mechanisms to reduce anxiety. Defence mechanisms are an unconscious process that distorts reality so that the threat impulses to the ego do not become conscious (Freud, 1992). Whenever someone does not want her friendship Judy uses denial to ignore any criticisms she may have said which resulted in her loss of friendship. She may repress any memories where she acted in a way that is not friendly. To gain more information a psychodynamic psychologist would use performance based measures such as a projective test or free association (MacCann, Matthews, Zeidner, Roberts, 2003). Performance based measures reveal underlying attitudes and implicit motivations due to their indirect nature. These tests do not provide information about what the subject is thinking or feeling. A specific measure that would be used to gather more information is free association (Oxburgh Dando, 2011). Free association is a psychoanalytic technique where the individual is allowed to talk about whatever thoughts come to mind. This is an indirect measure that can provide information on an individual’s thoughts and feelings. The therapist would listen and take notes to try and find any underlying unconscious motivation to gain a better understanding of the individual’s personality and behaviour. This method can reveal dispositions about personality and behaviour that an individual is not consciously aware of possessing. The second theorist that will be used is Allport. Judy is obsessive to the point that it is classed as a cardinal trait. Her obsessive trait affects nearly every other aspect of her personality and behaviour. Her main high central traits are authoritative, economical, cleanly and sociable, which are all affected by her cardinal trait. These trait names are from Allport’s list of trait names that best define personality (Allport Odbert, 1936). Judy’s authoritative trait is evident in the way she informs her children on proper conversation topics and when organising family meetings to discuss the proper procedure and location of items. Her economical trait is shown through her strict rules governing her family’s finances. This is a clear example of how her cardinal trait has affected a central trait to the extreme. The trait of cleanliness is clearly shown to be an important trait of her personality as evident by her passionate cleaning ritual. Her sociability has a secondary trait where she gets angry when someone disrupts her clean home, shown by the neighbour who she ignored for two years. Judy also gets frustrated when other family members don’t see the value in keeping the home organised and clean, further supporting her secondary trait. One method to gain more information on Judy’s personality and behaviour can be to administer a self-report inventory such as the California Personality Inventory (CPI). The CPI is an inventory that measures personality traits (Groth-Marnat Mullard, 2010). The questions on the CPI relate to normal behaviours, feelings and attitudes regarding family and social matters. Self-report inventories directly measure how a person thinks and feels (MacCann, et al., 2003). Due to this explicit method the inventory is a good way to identify personality states and other behavioural traits that they can recognize about themselves. The two different perspectives share many similarities in their assessment of Judy’s behaviour and personality. Both perspectives conclude that her obsessive reliance on strict rules is a major factor in her philosophy on financial matters. Both perspectives believe that a certain characteristic (obsessiveness/cleanliness), dominates her whole personality and its effect carries over into other aspects of her personality and behaviour. Lastly both perspectives agree that her frustration at not being invited out to dinner parties by her friends is social in nature. Although the two perspectives seem to come to similar conclusions regarding Judy’s behaviour there are a couple of major differences. Freud’s perspective believes that her obsession towards cleanliness is due to a childhood experience concerning toilet training while Allport believes that cardinal traits such as this are developed later on in life and due to functional autonomy it is not possible to find out the cause of this trait. Freud’s theory has many positive benefits. It is a theory that is based on experimental psychology and it explains characteristics of personality (Freud Hall, 2014). Unfortunately the theory has an overemphasis on the unconsciousness and relies too heavily on childhood experiences (Perelberg Ebooks, 2008). The theory is mainly backed by data gathered via case studies and clinical observations which are not reliable as data gathered from a wide range of sources. Allport’s theory is based on objective and statistical data (Allport, 1966). There are no biases compared to Freud whose relationship with his mother is said to have greatly influenced his work (Allport Allport, 1921). The theory can account for any behavioural or personality aspect with traits. The theory itself is easy to understand and can be used with many different assessment measures. There are a few negative connotations with Allport’s perspective. The theory is a poor predictor of future personality and behaviour since the theory does not explain how traits are maintained (Bertocci, 1940). The theory does not discuss how the traits themselves have developed nor does the theory explain how personality works due to functional autonomy. There is also some discrepancy on the consistency of traits although that is partially explained via secondary traits. Allport’s theory does not take into account ecological, social or situational factors that may affect behaviour or personality. The definition of trait is broad and includes attitudes, habit and other tendencies such as need under one classification which may decrease the validity of traits. Freud’s perspective states that Judy’s major behavioural and personality attributes are due to an inadequate development in her childhood anal psychosexual development stage which has caused Judy to exhibit an anal-retentive personality that affects her behaviour negatively. Her behaviour results in the production of anxiety and Judy uses ego defence mechanisms to reduce anxiety. More information about Judy’s personality and behaviour can be gathered via free association. Allport’s perspective suggests that Judy’s behaviour and personality is due to a cardinal trait of obsessiveness which affects every other aspect of her personality from keeping her house clean and organised to managing her family’s finances. More information about Judy’s personality can be gained by conducting a self-report inventory on personality. Both perspectives focused on different aspects of Judy’s personality. Freud’s theory focused on the unconscious motivation behind Judy’s actions while Allport looked at the actions in detail. They both came to similar conclusions in that Judy is obsessive and that this is negatively affecting her relationships. References Allport, F. H., Allport, G. W. (1921). Personality Traits: Their Classification and Measurement. The Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Social Psychology, 16(1), 6-40. Allport, G. W. (1937a). The Functional Autonomy of Motives. The American Journal of Psychology, 50(1/4), 141-156. Allport, G. W. (1937b). Personality: A psychological interpretation. Allport, G. W. (1966). Traits revisited. American psychologist, 21(1), 1. Allport, G. W., Odbert, H. S. (1936). Trait-names: A psycho-lexical study. Psychological Monographs, 47(1), i-171. Bertocci, P. A. (1940). A critique of G. W. Allports theory of motivation. Psychological Review, 47(6), 501-532. Freud, A. (1992). The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence: Karnac Books. Freud, S. (1961). THE EGO AND THE ID. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 5(1), 656. doi:10.1097/00000441-196111000-00027 Freud, S., Hall, G. S. (2014). A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis. Auckland: The Floating Press. Groth-Marnat, G., Mullard, M. J. (2010). California Psychological Inventory. In The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology: John Wiley Sons, Inc. MacCann, C., Matthews, G., Zeidner, M., Roberts, R. D. (2003). PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE: A REVIEW OF SELF-REPORT AND PERFORMANCE-BASED TESTING. [Article]. International Journal of Organizational Analysis (2003), 11(3), 247-274. Oxburgh, G. E., Dando, C. J. (2011). Psychology and interviewing: what direction now in our quest for reliable information? The British Journal of Forensic Practice, 13(2), 135-144. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14636641111134378 Perelberg, R. J., Ebooks, C. (2008). Freud: A Modern Reader. Hoboken: Wiley [Imprint]. Shelder, J. (2010). The Efficacy of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy. Psychotherapy in Australia, 16(3), 38-51.

An Overview of Aging and Existing Cultural Differences Essay -- essays

An Overview of Aging and Existing Cultural Differences Society predetermines a specific life course for each person of their community. Missing any stage of this course is detrimental to the development of the human life. But not all societies have these stages of life; ergo different cultures define stages differently. The stages of the life course are childhood, adolescence, adulthood, young adulthood and middle adulthood, old age and death. Society thinks of childhood as the first twelve years of life. In most cultures it is known as the time of autonomy from the weight of the grown-up world. But in other societies, such as Taiwan and Indonesia, childhood is seen as another occasion to send someone to work. The children do not have a normal childhood life of playing house and Barbie’s; instead they are in factories making shoes for approximately fifty cents an hour. In our society, ‘our concept of childhood is grounded in significant biological differences that set the young from the old’ (Macionis & Gerber, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next stage of the life course is adolescence. This is the time where kids are in between childhood and adulthood. The preteen and teenage years comprise the stage of life when young people establish some independence and learn specialized skills required for adulthood (Macionis & Gerber, 2002). Adolescence is related with social and emotional confusion; young people have conflicts with their parents, and try to develop their own sense of identity. Adolescence is a product of culture. A study that was done in the 1920’s by Margaret Mead on the Samoan Islands shows that there was little stress among teenagers; their children appeared to move easily into adult standing. Our society, however, defines childhood and adulthood more in opposing terms, making transition between the two stages of life more difficult (Macionis & Gerber, 2002). The experience of adolescence also varies according to social standing and background. Following adolescence comes adulthood which is made up of young adulthood and middle adulthood. ‘Adulthood is the period during which most of life’s accomplishments typically occur, including pursuing careers and raising families’ (Macionis & Gerber, 2002). Young adulthood goes from age twenty to about age forty. This is generally a time of engaging in many goals set earlier ... ... & Gerber 2002). On the other hand, the prevalence of depression & dementia in Japan may be lower than in the West, which implies that culture may exert a protective influence (Dein & Huline-Dickens, 1997). Social isolation may be less likely in the Japanese culture because children often live with their elderly parents; whereas in Canada, elderly parents are often housed in nursing homes or assisted living accommodations. References AFS. (2000). Where in the World. Retrieved April 5, 2003, from http://www.afs.org.au/ where_detail.html?cou_code=JPN Dein, S. & Huline-Dickens, S. (1997). Cultural aspects of aging and psychopathology. Aging-and-Mental-Health, 1(2)112-120. Macionis, J.J & Gerber, L.M (2002). Sociology (4th ed.) Toronto, Ontario: Prentice Hall. Masud, Chika. (1999) Elderly Welfare in Japan. Retrieved April 5, 2003, from http://user pages.umbc.edu/~cmasud1/sowk.html Rosenberg, Matt. (2000). World Life Expectancy Chart. Retrieved April 5, 2003, from http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa042000b.htm Traphagan, J.W. (2000). Reproducing elder male power through ritual performance in Japan. Journal of Cross Cultural Gerontology, 15(2)81-97. An Overview of Aging and Existing Cultural Differences Essay -- essays An Overview of Aging and Existing Cultural Differences Society predetermines a specific life course for each person of their community. Missing any stage of this course is detrimental to the development of the human life. But not all societies have these stages of life; ergo different cultures define stages differently. The stages of the life course are childhood, adolescence, adulthood, young adulthood and middle adulthood, old age and death. Society thinks of childhood as the first twelve years of life. In most cultures it is known as the time of autonomy from the weight of the grown-up world. But in other societies, such as Taiwan and Indonesia, childhood is seen as another occasion to send someone to work. The children do not have a normal childhood life of playing house and Barbie’s; instead they are in factories making shoes for approximately fifty cents an hour. In our society, ‘our concept of childhood is grounded in significant biological differences that set the young from the old’ (Macionis & Gerber, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next stage of the life course is adolescence. This is the time where kids are in between childhood and adulthood. The preteen and teenage years comprise the stage of life when young people establish some independence and learn specialized skills required for adulthood (Macionis & Gerber, 2002). Adolescence is related with social and emotional confusion; young people have conflicts with their parents, and try to develop their own sense of identity. Adolescence is a product of culture. A study that was done in the 1920’s by Margaret Mead on the Samoan Islands shows that there was little stress among teenagers; their children appeared to move easily into adult standing. Our society, however, defines childhood and adulthood more in opposing terms, making transition between the two stages of life more difficult (Macionis & Gerber, 2002). The experience of adolescence also varies according to social standing and background. Following adolescence comes adulthood which is made up of young adulthood and middle adulthood. ‘Adulthood is the period during which most of life’s accomplishments typically occur, including pursuing careers and raising families’ (Macionis & Gerber, 2002). Young adulthood goes from age twenty to about age forty. This is generally a time of engaging in many goals set earlier ... ... & Gerber 2002). On the other hand, the prevalence of depression & dementia in Japan may be lower than in the West, which implies that culture may exert a protective influence (Dein & Huline-Dickens, 1997). Social isolation may be less likely in the Japanese culture because children often live with their elderly parents; whereas in Canada, elderly parents are often housed in nursing homes or assisted living accommodations. References AFS. (2000). Where in the World. Retrieved April 5, 2003, from http://www.afs.org.au/ where_detail.html?cou_code=JPN Dein, S. & Huline-Dickens, S. (1997). Cultural aspects of aging and psychopathology. Aging-and-Mental-Health, 1(2)112-120. Macionis, J.J & Gerber, L.M (2002). Sociology (4th ed.) Toronto, Ontario: Prentice Hall. Masud, Chika. (1999) Elderly Welfare in Japan. Retrieved April 5, 2003, from http://user pages.umbc.edu/~cmasud1/sowk.html Rosenberg, Matt. (2000). World Life Expectancy Chart. Retrieved April 5, 2003, from http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa042000b.htm Traphagan, J.W. (2000). Reproducing elder male power through ritual performance in Japan. Journal of Cross Cultural Gerontology, 15(2)81-97.